Wednesday 20 November 2013

The Russian Revolution of 1905

Many historians question if this was actually a revolution. In my opinion it was. Not only because of the change it brought about in Russia, but also because violence broke out. A revolution is a forcible overthrow of a government or social order, in favour of a new system. Although the government was not completely overthrown, a new system was indeed put in place: the October Manifesto issued effectively promised a constitution, with civil liberties and a legislative assemble elected on a relatively wide if far from universal franchise. Certainly, this wasn't the freedom of assembly and press or constitutional government that the revolutionary groups were asking for, it was a change, and did in fact calm the crowds of revolutionaries.
However, the Tsar's new "strong man", Stolypin, tamed the potential political threat of the newly-formed Duma by his constitutional coup of 3 June 1907, which drastically restricted the franchise and transformed the political composition of the Duma, to change it from a dangerous rival into a relatively tame partner. Therefore, the revolution did not in fact do much, as the Tsar still had about as much power as before.

A touch of who? what? when? why?
who? and why?
Most of the Russian Empire was in unrest, from the agricultural society to the so-called "intelligentsia". For instance, factory workers, owing to low wages and conditions, long days and disrespectful treatment by employers and arbitrary fines. Peasants disliked arbitrary interference and voiced their belief that the land, like air and water, was God's gift to those who worked, not idle landlords. Non-Russians demanded rights on their own languages and faiths and rebelled against the Russification movement. The Orthodox Church demanded the restoration of its autonomy. Schoolteachers wanted better pay and job security, and some women voiced aspirations for equality of rights.
Many revolutionary groups were formed and many began joining together.

what?
What they did.
Methods varied as every corner of Russian society had its own objectives. Some were petitions, peaceful demonstrations, strikes, etc.
What it did to Russian society.
The unfolding events of 1905 educated the entire Russian society politically. Wide swathes of the pop. were involved in demonstrations and many organisational forms which challenged the regime were developed. Autocracy was on the verge of collapse, however, many were unsure of the revolutionary aspirations, therefore letting the regime continue.

when?
The unrest was from 1904-1907 however main turning points/ dates to remember were:
  • large-scale strike of the St Petersburg textile workers in 1896- development of more coherent workers' movement.
  • widespread famine of 1891- brought about serious unrest
  • Kishinev pogrom of 1903- one of the horrific anti-jewish pogroms encouraged by the government
  • BLOODY SUNDAY 9 JANUARY 1905- symbolic event; huge significance; Tsar no longer "paternal" figure to the working class.
  • loss of the Russian fleet in the Straits of Tsushima on 14 May- final straw of great Russian defeat (biggest in naval history)
  • 27/08/1905 gov reopened unis
  • October Manifesto

Hope it was good!!


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