Friday 15 November 2013

Italian Unification: Italian doing?

I've read so many views on Italian unification: but not many historians' points of view are available. Of course, the nineteenth century historians, such as Arthur J. Whyte believe that it was solely the Italians that created the Kingdom of Italy. But is this fully true?
Yes, Mazzini, Garibaldi and Cavour had the biggest roles. But France did help in the war against Austria in 1859 to gain Lombardy. Moreover, without the French backing of the plebiscites in the central duchies, Austria would have definitely intervened, although this was in France's interest as Nice and Savoy was then returned to them. Additionally, one could say that Austria played a big role as its downfall and Metternich's forced resignation after the revolutions of 1848 both enabled the unification of Italy. Metternich's resignation was in favour of the unification, as, throughout the beginning of the 19th century he had crushed any sign of an uprising. With him out of the picture, revolts were more likely and ideas could more easily be spread. Lastly, Prussia. The Franco-Prussian war of 1870 helped get the French garrison out of Rome (it had been preventing the Italians to invade Rome (protection of the Pope as it was a Catholic country)). Also, after the war between Prussia and Austria in 1866, Venetia was given to Italy as Prussia won, after years of trying to find ways of getting it back.
Nevertheless, one can't deny that the Italians were necessary to the unification of Italy. I'll give a more developed explanation later, but as a summary: Cavour, Mazzini and Garibaldi.
Mazzini created the first nationalist party, Young Italy. He was an inspirational figure that recruited many to the cause, for instance, Garibaldi. He later created the Roman Republic, which, although the French fought out of Rome in 1848, gave people ideas (learn from mistakes) and showed that liberals could rule.
Garibaldi was also an influential character and a great military leader, who gave his soldiers enthusiasm and devotion. He was additionally, extremely brave and loyal to the cause. This is shown when, not only does he take a gamble by going to conquer Sicily and then Naples, but he then hands them over to Cavour (the Prime Minister of Piedmont), despite him not wanting Italy to be governed by a King, but instead having a Republic.
Cavour was the "mastermind" behind the unification of Italy: he came up with the unification strategy, created foreign relations (fought in the Crimean war & made many trade deals). Also, he expanded Piedmont's* economy greatly, by building railways etc.
Therefore, many different views could be established on this question, up to you to pick!
(more info on this to come)
*Piedmont was the original state that was expanded to form Italy.

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